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it was called the National Advisory

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Committee for Aeronautics a new

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independent agency created by President

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Woodrow Wilson in 1915 its job make the

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United States a world leader in the

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field of Aeronautics in less than three

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decades these early pioneers in aviation

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and those who followed would be called

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upon to think through problems a million

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miles away and do it with boldness and

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vision by the mid 1950s NACA had modern

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wind tunnels and was moving into the

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then on October 7th 1957 the US and the

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rest of the world were greeted by the

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sounds of Sputnik 1 the Soviet Union had

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placed the first artificial satellite

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into orbit it would not be until early

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the following year that America's

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satellite Explorer London

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successfully orbited the earth and

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discovered a dense belt of radiation

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surrounding our planet who would have

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believed at this early stage that we

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will one day move out on the den driven

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upwards atmosphere to the very edge of

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Project Mercury the country's first

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manned spaceflight program was given the

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go-ahead just one week after NASA was

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seven test pilots were selected to

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Alan B Shepard

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Walter M schirra

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Virgil I Gus Grissom

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John h.glenn jr.

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Leroy Gordon Cooper

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and malcolm scott carpenter

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the seven new astronauts spent months

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and months undergoing rigorous testing

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and while they were being trained

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several monkeys took check rides in the

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you

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meanwhile the orbiting of unmanned

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satellites became more and more

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commonplace and weather watchers like

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tie ropes found a permanent place in our

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daily lives by improving weather

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on August 12 1960 President Eisenhower

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took part in the first transmission of

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the echo1 communication satellite it is

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a great satisfaction to participate in

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this Crist experiment in communications

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involving the use of the satellite

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on May 5th 1961 astronaut Alan B Shepard

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soon after freedom seven landed

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President John Kennedy gave NASA an

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ambitious new space goal not because

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they are easy but because they are hard

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because that goal will serve to organize

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and measure to the best our energies and

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skills because that challenge is one

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that were willing to accept one we are

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unwilling to postpone and why we can't

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after Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom's

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test flights for other American

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astronauts orbiting in mercury

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spacecraft starting the John Glenn he

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was followed by spec Buccaneer Wally

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all pre-start dialyzer corrector a light

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it became clear that

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unknowns about the moon were numerous

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such things as whether an astronaut

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would sink into dust over his head were

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a real concern lunar impact studies like

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these were carried out in an attempt to

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learn researchers fired projectiles

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simulating meteors hitting the moon into

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sand like and rocky materials and then

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measured how much material was thrown

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this animation shows how scientists

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believe the huge crater Tycho was formed

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a series of pictures

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then five lunar orbiters photographed

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over 90% of the moon's surface including

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the never-before-seen backside we saw a

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glimpse to of our own planet from lunar

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distance but most important of all it

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made possible the selection of landing

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six surveyor spacecraft made soft

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landings on the moon over a two-year

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a robot arm dug a trench lunar soil was

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like wet sand men and equipment could

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panoramic views like these were

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assembled from hundreds of individual

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Communications via satellite exploded

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into a whole new industry that first

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live intercontinental transmission by

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Telstar one was just the start relay

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designed to transmit television

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telephone and high-speed data

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simcom with Olympic coverage from Tokyo

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an early bird want who all were

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follow-ons to previous research and

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development since rendezvous docking and

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having astronauts work outside the

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spacecraft critical to lunar missions

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NASA began project Gemini using the

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mercury capsule as a model the Gemini

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spacecraft was enlarged to hold a

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two-man crew Gemini would provide design

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spectacular first walk in space made by

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ten times pairs of astronauts flew into

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orbit walking in space rendezvous in and

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ducky Gemini had blazed a trail for

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project Apollo the three-man spacecraft

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more than eight years were poured into

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designing building testing and preparing

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astronauts rockets and spacecraft for

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the first lunar landing here's a visual

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in 1967 tragedy struck the nation

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mourned the loss of the crew that would

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have flown the Apollo spacecraft on its

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maiden voyage astronauts Gus Grissom ed

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white and Roger Chaffee died in a flash

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fire as they were conducting pre-flight

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tests on the launch pad the manned

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flight schedule was delayed 18 months as

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while these changes were being made the

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parts and pieces needed to assemble the

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giant Saturn v moon rocket came together

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at the Kennedy Space Center Florida

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everything associated with the saturn v

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was huge the rocket itself the building

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where it was assembled and the

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crawler-transporter

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the fully loaded Apollo Saturn 5 was 363

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feet tall its main engines alone

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generated 160 million horsepower and his

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fuel fox pushed fuel to the engines with

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a force of 30 diesel locomotives as

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Saturn 5 lifted off launch complex 39

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for the first time in way more than

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the pace quickened starting with Apollo

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8 every Saturn 5 launched had a

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two days before Christmas in 1968

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astronauts Borman Lovell and Anders

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became the first humans to pass out of

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Earth's gravitational control and into

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that of another body in the solar system

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the moon the hardware to travel to the

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moon had worked well and landing sites

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our earth seemed small and fragile

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hanging in the vastness of space this

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view of ourselves from lunar distance

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would change the way we think about

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earth for all time it raised profound

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questions especially those associated

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with the Earth's finiteness and

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unlimited resources the next two flights

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Apollo's nine and ten would continue

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dress rehearsals for the first lunar

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astronauts Neil Armstrong Edwin Aldrin

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and Michael Collins would make the

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historic journey next stop

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Neil Armstrong reporting their role and

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pitch a program which puts Apollo 11 on

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I get out here eat over again eat you go

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you're looking great

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coming up nine minutes II we're now in

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the approach phase everything looking

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good

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altitude 4215 yourself for landing over

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20 feet down two and a half cups of that

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city feet go to a down take down for

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forward or falling drip into the right

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not backbite and gaudy baby people and

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women at one all fifth man won by a

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across the country and around the world

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meanwhile more than 100 scientists from

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here and abroad began intensive studies

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before project Apollo ended six

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additional flights to the moon were made

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Skylab was the next man spaceflight

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launch first was a two-story orbital

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then the first of three three-man crews

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departed to me to join and begin living

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in the orbiting laboratory those crews

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would stay 28 59 and 84 days

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respectively one of the major objectives

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was to find out if astronauts could

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physically withstand extended stays in

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space and continue to do useful work

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experiments in astronomy earth resources

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observations materials processing and

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crystal growth all proved highly

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successful then ASTP apollo-soyuz test

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project a joint endeavor between the

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Soviet Union and the United States the

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mission called for a mutual docking and

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crew exchange to develop the necessary

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equipment for international space

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before during and after Apollo Skylab

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and ASTP

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NASA's unmanned planetary programs were

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giving scientists exciting new glimpses

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into the history of the solar system

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from early explorers to the infrared

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astronomy satellite 7 Mariner spacecraft

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flew by the planets Mars Venus and

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Mercury sending back a stream of

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ten pioneer spacecraft did like one us

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including Jupiter flybys and probes to

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the atmosphere of Venus

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Pioneer 10 became the first man-made

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atmosphere physics astronomy meteorology

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and geodesy these are just a few of the

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scientific disciplines studied by dozens

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of Explorer class orbiters through the

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by Oh satellite was sent aloft to answer

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basic biological questions will cells

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divide normally while weightless

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how does zero-g affect plant growth

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would radiation and weightlessness be a

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hazard on long-duration spaceflights

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everything from plants to primates were

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orbited aboard by a satellite to find

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out there were the ogos orbiting

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geophysical observatories that blossomed

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out like giant dragonflies in space

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oh so orbiting solar observatories

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studied our Sun and its influence on

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in the last 25 years our orbiting

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astronomical observatories have

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radically changed our view of the

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universe we now see a dynamic universe

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of quasars and black holes and other

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extraordinary objects of cataclysmic

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forces causing the birth and death of

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stars of billions of galaxies wheeling

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we looked back at planet Earth with

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landsat remote sensing satellites crops

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forests pollution all can be

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photographed in great detail to help us

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the Viking program was a systematic

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effort to investigate the planet Mars to

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separately launched Viking spacecraft

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made up of a pair of orbiters that would

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photograph from above the planet and

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twin Landers built to descend to the

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Martian surface spent 11 months and 420

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million miles traveling to the

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mysterious red planet the Landers robot

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arm conducted chemical and biological

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tests on the soil in a search for

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life-forms Martian weather and seismic

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reports were also sent back routinely

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cameras began returning pictures

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color photographs showed a surface

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littered with rocks a fine dust red or

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yellow brown could be seen everywhere we

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even had a chance to view the two moons

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of Mars Phobos and Deimos Vikings

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complex Science and Technology were

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considered to be a triumph equal to the

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landings on the moon two unmanned

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Voyager spacecraft carried a record with

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the sights and sounds of Earth just in

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case they encounter a cosmic neighbor

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along the way their head of planetary

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journey was designed to take them past

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Jupiter and Saturn and eventually one

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Voyager was to pass close to Uranus and

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Neptune voyager sensors recorded

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Jupiter's intricate weather patterns and

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detected massive lightning bolts in its

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churning cloud tops it took 40 minutes

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for a signal from Voyager passing

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Jupiter to be received by mission

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controllers at the Jet Propulsion

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Laboratory so the spacecraft had to be

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essentially automatic Voyager also took

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a good look at Jupiter's largest moons

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Europa Ganymede the largest moon appears

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to be a mixture of rock and ice and

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the voyagers next assignment was to fly

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Saturn's vast ring system is made up of

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many small particles that orbit the huge

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planet in wave-like patterns its

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atmosphere is buffeted by a strong jet

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stream that blows eastward at 1,200

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miles per hour Voyager detected the

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hottest gases ever observed in the solar

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system up to a billion degrees

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you

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as of now two-thirds of the planets in

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our solar system have been explored and

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by the end of this decade we will have

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explored most of the rest including

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Uranus and Neptune through the years the

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single most constant in NASA has been is

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now and continues to be its aeronautical

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research it is a common thread that is

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woven throughout the agency it has

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influenced everything that flies both on

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earth and in space there is little doubt

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why this country has been the world

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leader in things aeronautical here are

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some of the goals of the program make

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systematic improvement of engine

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components reduce weight through use of

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light but very strong composite

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materials

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study problems associated with wake

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vortices tornado-like patterns of air

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that trail off behind jet aircraft

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causing problems for smaller planes

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following closely in their wake

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airplanes are America's leading

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industrial export thanks to NASA's

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research and development programs since

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there are some 200,000 general aviation

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aircraft in this country national

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research is also improving this class of

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the heart of the research is a unique

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refrigerated test panel capable of

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simulating the icing conditions an

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aircraft is likely to encounter want to

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test has been run newly developed

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computer codes are used to evaluate the

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during the early days of manned

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spaceflight consideration was given to

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using a Parowan to return astronauts and

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spacecraft to earth while this method

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was ultimately discarded it did produce

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and oblique wing crafts that reduce air

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drag by pivoting the wing at various

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angles to the plane's fuselage the

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expertise used to make airplane

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propellers better has also been applied

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to powerful wind turbine electric

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generators including some of the largest

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NASA's aeronautical research was the

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seed from which the space program would

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grow a prime example of this was the

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lifting body project that began in the

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early 60s the combination of Windtunnel

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tests and actual flights led to the

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when the design and Windtunnel work was

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completed a series of approach and

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landing tests were scheduled since the

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orbiter has no power for landing its

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ability to land easily without a wrong

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the enterprise's near private audience

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gave finally proof that the shuttle

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the years of research and development

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would now be put to the ultimate test

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the first flight into space of shuttle

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Columbia with astronauts at the controls

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there was an air of excitement as the

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brand new shuttle moved from its

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processing facility at the Kennedy Space

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Center to the Vehicle Assembly Building

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where it would be mated with rockets and

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fuel time and rolled out to the launch

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pad

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never before had a new spacecraft been

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flown this way previous Mercury Gemini

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and Apollo's were man rated in advance

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meaning that unmanned flights were flown

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before putting an astronaut crew on

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board

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despite nagging problems with engines

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and protective titles there was a quiet

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optimist long time space workers knew

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from past experience with a lunar

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landing program that design and

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thirty seconds if it goes into the

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seven six five

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Roger Columbia you got the normal cap

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cops back now oh if that thought about

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into space okay standby

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okay we see pan a on and we'd like you

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the second time the circle was completed

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when space shuttle 3 left the launch pad

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it carried an experiment prepared by 18

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year-old Todd Nelson of Rose Creek

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Minnesota an experiment to study the

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effects of weightlessness on insects in

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space it's called the shuttle Student

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Involvement project and includes NASA

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the National Science Teachers

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Association and Industry sponsors who

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helped transform winning proposals into

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flight experiments since this first

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flight young people in high schools

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around the country have developed and

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flown a variety of experiments ranging

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from medical projects to the study of

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zero-gravity on an ant colony they are

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setting an example for others who may be

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encouraged to pursue careers in science

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and engineering something that

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ultimately can be translated into

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technological leadership for the u.s. on

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its fourth and final test flight

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performance made it possible to certify

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the space transportation system a fully

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operational carrier as they landed on

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July 4th the crew was greeted by

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the first operational flight to

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commercial communication satellites were

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hauled into orbit one for satellite

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business systems and one for Telesat of

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Canada their deployment was a complete

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space shuttle six was the second

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operational mission and flight one for

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challenger this country's newest

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spacecraft after launching a 5,000 pound

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truck and mission specialist astronauts

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00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:19,069
story Musgrave and Donna Pederson became

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the first Americans in nine years to

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quite a pair of communication satellites

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shuttles 1 & 2 were now operational with

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the addition of a third orbiter

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Discoverer

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to the fleet and with literally dozens

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of astronauts in training at any given

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time this new space transportation

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system would begin delivering in earnest

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and with increasing frequency opening a

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00:46:53,170 --> 00:46:51,260
new era in science is Space Lab where

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scientists from around the world work

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together in a unique international

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00:46:59,349 --> 00:46:57,380
research center aboard NASA's Space

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Shuttle built by the European Space

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00:47:03,790 --> 00:47:01,850
Agency Space Lab is creating exciting

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00:47:05,920 --> 00:47:03,800
new opportunities for research in all

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00:47:10,700 --> 00:47:05,930
the sciences and is making routine

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00:47:15,020 --> 00:47:13,040
looking farther ahead there's the space

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telescope that will expand our vision

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almost to the edge of the universe the

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00:47:23,329 --> 00:47:21,030
shuttle gives the United States an

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unrivaled tool for the practical use of

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space historically the space program has

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proceeded in a building block fashion

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and toward that end nASA has begun

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looking at the next logical step a

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possible future space station a

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00:47:39,890 --> 00:47:38,430
permanent presence in space the station

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00:47:42,109 --> 00:47:39,900
would serve as a scientific and

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technological laboratory as well as an

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Operations base from which satellites

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could be serviced and large structures

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00:47:51,290 --> 00:47:49,050
assembled one of the highest priorities

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00:47:53,510 --> 00:47:51,300
is to develop a clear understanding of a

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station's proper role in the total space

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program so that if and when it is

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00:47:59,780 --> 00:47:58,050
proposed for development the station

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00:48:02,630 --> 00:47:59,790
will be a truly significant national

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asset one that would ensure continued

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American preeminence in space our

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00:48:31,820 --> 00:48:27,680
freedom independence national well-being

461
00:48:36,349 --> 00:48:31,830
will be new achievements new discoveries

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00:48:39,380 --> 00:48:36,359
and push new frontiers we must to the

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00:48:43,280 --> 00:48:39,390
future by demonstrating the potential

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and establishing a more permanent in

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00:48:53,810 --> 00:48:51,170
the 25th anniversary of NASA to a casual

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observer NASA is identified by launch

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vehicles and spacecraft and airplanes

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00:49:02,750 --> 00:49:00,600
and wind tunnels but it is the people

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00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:02,760
behind it all who are really important

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00:49:09,170 --> 00:49:06,000
it's the people who think and dream and

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00:49:11,210 --> 00:49:09,180
work to make these things possible that

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is the true measure of NASA's strengths

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00:49:16,730 --> 00:49:14,220
and its successes and it is to the next

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00:49:19,190 --> 00:49:16,740
generation of space pioneers the youth